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The 12 volt ignition switch sends 12 volts to the coil of the relay under the dash. That relay sends 24 volts to the solenoid on the starter. The solenoid applies 24 volts to the starter windings. So you actually have a key switch, a relay, a solenoid, and a starter motor in the system with 12...

Starter runs on until it burns out or the batteries go dead or both. Look up the Doghead starter relay modification here on Steel Soldiers.

What resistance do you measure across the coil? About 4 ohms would be right. Is it open or shorted? Those copper contactors look barely worn. Either the plunger seized up and couldn't close the contacts or the coil shorted out or has lost continuity altogether.