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I'm sure you can use any of the 1N400x series diodes (x=1,2,3,4, etc). Personally I think I'd drill the holes if necessary, and use 1N5408 diodes, rated for 3A at 1000V. They're dirt cheap and would be unlikely to blow again.
The pumps are a big solenoid, with the iron slug being the piston. The connection to the solenoid is normally closed, and when the piston moves, a switch opens, and a spring returns the piston. The pump's output is during the spring return stroke, so the output pressure is determined by that...